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Regulation of histone post-translational modifications and its use in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer
Marada, Kryštof ; Janoštiak, Radoslav (advisor) ; Červená, Klára (referee)
The aim of this bachelor's thesis is to summarize the epigenetic mechanisms, namely DNA methylation, non-coding RNA and post-translational modification of histones, within the scope of which the five currently most researched types are described, i.e. acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation and sumoylation. Furthermore, a summary of the modifying enzymes whose function is to add and remove these epigenetic components. And also the description of the proteins that recognize these components. The following is a description of how epigenetic processes are involved in the course of cancer. The remaining part of the work is devoted to lung cancer, its most common causes, what methods are currently used to treat it, and how post-translational modifications of histones could be used in its treatment. Most of this chapter is devoted to histone deacetylase inhibitors, as these inhibitors represent potential as a new component of lung cancer treatment, which also makes them the target of much research.
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Issues of lung CT screening for smokers
POKORNÁ, Miroslava
The communication deals with the evaluation of the benefits of the Pilot Programme "CT screening of smokers' lungs". The objectives and methodology include a theoretical study of the anatomy of the airways and the emerging issues of lung cancer, smoking dependence, low dose CT chest scanning techniques, National Radiological Standards and the issues of the target group of smokers and their involvement in investigation and treatment at specialist centres. The research was conducted through a questionnaire survey of 50 smokers (total 25 questions) and 41 physicians (total 18 questions). As a result, it was found that smokers' patients' awareness of the program is not sufficient, mainly due to their lack of interest in CT scanning and treatment options for the consequences of smoking and their unwillingness to actively cooperate with health professionals in their health care, including their refusal to give up the smoking habit. The outcome of the survey of physicians is good awareness and commitment to the implementation of the Pilot Programme, but they are limited in numbers and workload. The survey shows that the Pilot Programme is beneficial to the population. Therefore, it could prospectively be implemented by a larger number of health facilities in our country as part of a screening programme and thus contribute to improving the health status of the population. It was also found that the Hospital Jindřichův Hradec a.s. meets the requirements and could be included in the Pilot Programme.
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Lung cancer screening with the help of a low-dose CT
KÁPLOVÁ, Helena
Lung cancer has asymptomatic character, which may not cause to the patient any problems for a long time. When any problems connected with lung cancer are detected, it can be diagnosed more advanced lung cancer and it can be poorly treated. For this cancer, early detection is needed, which can lead to early treatment when the patient has a high chance of survival. Based on this issue, research studies for lung cancer screening were conducted. A study called the National Lung Screening Trial was conducted in the United States and a study called Nelson in Europe. In both studies, lung cancer mortality was reduced by 20%. At the beginning of the theoretical part of the bachelor thesis I dedicate to the lung cancer. Basic information on lung cancer is included here. The next chapter describes what screening is and the screening programs that are currently underway in the Czech Republic. From these graphs it is possible to find out how a certain screening affects the course of a given cancer in the population. At the end of this chapter, a planned pilot program for the early detection of lung cancer in the Czech Republic is described. At the end of the whole theoretical part, the principle of the CT device and a comparison of low-dose and classic CT chest from the patient's dose perspective are briefly described. In the practical part of the work I deal with the objectives of the work and the research question. The aim of this work is to make a qualified estimate of instrumentation and personnel equipment for lung cancer screening, and the research question derives from this. What would be the expected number of low - dose CT in the Czech Republic in the case of lung cancer screening? In order to be able to estimate the number of CT devices needed, I measured the average time during the native examination and determined the working hours of the examination. I obtained the number of smokers in the Czech Republic from open sources. From these data and the conditions for inclusion in the screening program, it was possible to compile three model situations of how lung cancer screening could take place. In the discussion, I further evaluate the obtained results.
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The Use of Asbestos, Remediation of Contaminated Areas and the Risk of Impact on the Human Organism
Štípek, Radek ; Bendl, Jiří (advisor) ; Mihaljevič, Martin (referee)
The work deals with the uses of asbestos minerals, methods of safe disposal of asbestos and the disease burden caused by exposure to asbestos fibers, of which the most dangerous is crocidolite. Attention is paid to the physical-chemical and structural properties, classification and explanation of the processes of their formation, indicating areas of the Czech Republic and abroad. Describes the history of asbestos use since ancient times to the 20th century, including mass balance asbestos consumed in the technosphere that over the past hundred years, amounts to almost 194 million tons. It then focuses on building fire protection, insulation and other products with different content of asbestos in the world which total over 3000 and registered on the characteristics of asbestos substitute materials, such as ceramic, glass and carbon fibers, aramids, wollastonite, vermiculite and perlite. Describes methods for determination of asbestos fibers in the air, water and soil as a complete course of rehabilitation of contaminated objects. Asbestos fibers pose a risk to human health in the form of asbestosis, first diagnosed in 1900, pleural hyalinosis, lung cancer and mesothelioma of the pleura, where the first evidence of association with exposure to asbestos dates back to 1955 and on the basis of which...
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Attitudes to Smoking Prevention
Sudová, Tereza ; Kulhavá, Miluše (advisor) ; Strnadová, Alice (referee)
Synopsis The subject of the bachelor thesis "Attitudes to smoking prevention" is the analysis of attitudes of secondary medical schools in Prague and of their students towards preventing smoking. The first part of the thesis summarizes the historical and contemporary view on the subject of smoking from a general standpoint and it emphasizes the negative effect of smoking on the human organism. The thesis also mentions preventative measures and health programs. The second part is based on my own research and it contains a comparison of two secondary medical schools and also an analysis of said research. Here I deal with the view of students on the issue of smoking in particular and list my own practical suggestions.
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New diagnostic methods in bronchology
Votruba, Jiří ; Daneš, Jan (advisor) ; Marel, Miloslav (referee) ; Pešek, Miloš (referee)
The aim of this work has been the development and optimization of methods for early diagnosis of lung cancer, their utility and integration into daily practice. Firstly, we developed a device for measurement of endobronchial temperature (thermobronchoscopy) and found significant difference in endoluminal temperature above tumors and infiltrated lymph nodes compared to healthy regions. We further designed an appliance for near infrared spectroscopy of the bronchial mucosa and identified spectroscopic features useful for localization of solitary pulmonary nodule. The use of the appliance improved yield of endobronchial biopsy compared to endobronchial ultrasound. In the next part of the study, we describe further techniques for early diagnosis of lung cancer including endobronchial ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, confocal fluorescence microendoscopy, reflectance spectroscopy, autofluorescence bronchoscopy, fluorescence bronchoscopy, and narrow band imaging with concise introduction of our experience gained in several pilot projects. Next, we showed the utility of measurement of acetic acid in exhaled air as a promising biomarker for non-invasive identification of patients with symptomatic acid gastroesophageal reflux. Lastly, we demonstrated significant difference in radiation dose in HRCT...
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Role of nurses in postoperative care in patients with lung cancer.
PLECEROVÁ, Jana
The objectives of the work The objective of this work has been set as the mapping of degree of patient's contentment/ rate of patient's satisfaction in view of the nurse's approach within the scope of the post-thoracic operation care and the evaluation/ assessment whether the needs of the aforementioned patients have been satisfied. Another objective of the research enquiry has been set as finding out the level of the nurse's awareness regarding the ways and possibilities of the subsequent care. Methodology For the purpose of the research enquiry the form of qualitative research has been chosen and adopted, which has been applied and performed by means of using a method of interviewing i.e. putting questions which have been prepared beforehand, well in advance. Research array of patients consisted of 10 patients from one hospital (which is not going to be specified in this work) as well as 8 nurses whose job was to take care of the post-operative patients/ the post-thoracic operation patients. The results of the research have been processed by applying the method of open coding, pencil-paper method. Assets and Benefits of this Work The research enquiry has showed certain level of absence of desirable knowledge as well as ignorance of the staff taking care of the patients regarding the ways of subsequent care. Nurses should be educated about the possibilities of home care, hospice care as an integral part of their profession. The results gained by research enquiry process could be presented at seminars, conferences aimed at the subsequent care.
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Study of anti-tumor immune response in patients with lung cancer.
Myšíková, Dagmar ; Lischke, Robert (advisor) ; Bouček, Jan (referee) ; Palich Fučíková, Jitka (referee)
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Understanding biological processes of specific antitumor immune response remains of an eminent interest and represents necessity for designing successful antitumor immunotherapeutic strategies. The theoretical part of the thesis describes components of the immune system that are involved in antitumor response and discusses their role in the hitherto known and used lung cancer immunotherapy. In the practical part of the thesis, two studies studying different aspects of anticancer immune response are described. Both studies were conducted in cooperation with 3rd Surgical Department 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol and with the biotechnology company Sotio a.s. The first study is focused on the humoral component of the specific antitumor response and prospectively analyses serum frequency of antitumor antibodies against NY-ESO-1, Her2/neu and MAGE-A4 antigens in 121 patients with NSCLC. Here it was shown for the first time that tobacco smoking significantly increases the frequency of NY- ESO-1 antibodies in sera of smokers in comparison to ex-smokers and non-smokers. The second study is focused on the cellular component of the specific antitumor response investigating the activity of the dendritic...
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Ionizing radiation and its influence on quality of human environment: Radon as a risk factor for health in the Czech Republic
Suchánek, Vladimír ; Šiftová, Jana (advisor) ; Kazmarová, Helena (referee)
Introduction: Environmental pollution is a major human problem since the mid-19th century. This situation is improving in the second half of the 20th century when human recognizes the consequences of industrialization. The issue of air pollution and for example, the negative effects of ionizing radiation, or the release of radon from the geological subsoil and its influence on the diseases as lung carcinoma, all these issues get more important. Purposes: The aim of the work is to find out whether there is an association between elevated radon concentration in buildings and some health indicators (incidence and standardized mortality rate). Using statistical analysis, it is examined if there is a statistically significant relationship among the variables and if these variables should be correlated together. The partial aims of the thesis are also to bring a qualitative view in the form of a professional interview and to visualize the acquired data into maps. Methods: The sources of data were the demographic yearbooks of the Czech Statistical Office, the database on the incidence of lung carcinoma from the National Health Information System and the measured values of the volume activity of radon (OAR) provided by the State Office for Radiation Protection. The data was processed by basic statistical...
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Development and validation of a new method for enrichment and detection of circulating tumor DNA in cancer patients
Pláničková, Lenka ; Minárik, Marek (advisor) ; Kuthan, Martin (referee)
Tumors are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Generally, the prognosis is better if the treatment begins at an early stage. Nowadays, the conventional chemotherapy treatment of cancer, known for its limited efficacy and side effects, is being gradually replaced by targeted biological treatment, which is used when specific genetic mutations are found. A part of the treatment is a detection of a potential progression, which is mainly based on the tumor biomarkers monitoring. Currently, further investigation of a so-called liquid biopsy method are ongoing, on which this thesis is focused. The main aim of this work was the experimental development and validation of the method for detection of the ctDNA in the plasma samples based on the somatic mutations presence. For the development and optimization of the system on the principle of denaturation capillary electrophoresis, the samples of cancer patients with KRAS mutation were used. Subsequently, a clinical part of the research was performed on a pilot set of 21 plasma samples. Finally, the method was optimized for the detection of BRAF and EGFR markers. A partial objective was to improve the detection sensitivity and increase the capture of the ctDNA in patients with advanced stage of the disease. The results of this work suggest the...
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